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1 “What, then, am I to think?
That I am held in contempt? I see nothing either
in my past life, or my position, or such poor talents
as I may possess, that Antony can afford to despise.”
And a little later he speaks yet more openly:
[26]
“Or did he wish to challenge me to a contest of
eloquence? I could wish for nothing better. For
what ampler or richer theme could I hope to find
than to speak at once for myself and against
Antony?”
[27]
Another form of arrogance is displayed by those who
declare that they have come to a clear conviction of
[p. 171]
the justice of their cause, which they would not
otherwise have undertaken. For the judges give
but a reluctant hearing to such as presume to
anticipate their verdict, and the orator cannot hope
that his opponents will regard his ipse dixit with the
veneration accorded by the Pythagoreans to that of
their master. But this fault will vary in seriousness
according to the character of the orator who uses
such language.
[28]
For such assertions may to some
extent be justified by the age, rank, and authority
of the speaker. But scarcely any orator is possessed
of these advantages to such an extent as to exempt
him from the duty of tempering such assertions by
a certain show of modesty, a remark which also
applies to all passages in which the advocate draws
any of his arguments from his own person. What
could have been more presumptuous than if Cicero
had asserted that the fact that a man was the son
of a Roman knight should never be regarded as a
serious charge, in a case in which he was appearing
for the defence? But he succeeded in giving this
very argument a favourable turn by associating his
own rank with that of the judges, and saying,2
“The fact of a man being the son of a Roman knight
should never have been put forward as a charge by
the prosecution when these gentlemen were in the
jury-box and I was appearing for the defendant.”
[29]
An impudent, disorderly, or angry tone is always
unseemly, no matter who it be that assumes it; and
it becomes all the more reprehensible in proportion
to the age, rank, and experience of the speaker.
But we are familiar with the sight of certain brawling advocates who are restrained neither by respect
for the court nor by the recognised methods and
[p. 173]
manners of pleading. The obvious inference from
this attitude of mind is that they are utterly reckless
both in undertaking cases and in pleading them.
[30]
For a man's character is generally revealed and the
secrets of his heart are laid bare by his manner of speaking, and there is good ground for the Greek aphorism
that, “as a man lives, so will he speak.” The following vices are of a meaner type: grovelling flattery,
affected buffoonery, immodesty in dealing with things
or words which are unseemly or obscene, and disregard of authority on all and every occasion. They
are faults which, as a rule, are found in those who
are over-anxious either to please or amuse.
[31]
Again, different kinds of eloquence suit different
speakers. For example, a full, haughty, bold and
florid style would be less becoming to an old man
than that restrained, mild and precise style to which
Cicero refers, when he says that his style is beginning
to grow grey-haired.3 It is the same with their style
as their clothes; purple and scarlet raiment goes ill
with grey hairs.
[32]
In the young, however, we can
endure a rich and even, perhaps, a risky style. On
the other hand, a dry, careful and compressed style
is unpleasing in the young as suggesting the affectation of severity, since even the authority of character
that goes with age is considered as premature in
young men. Soldiers are best suited by a simple
style.
[33]
Those, again, who make ostentatious profession, as some do, of being philosophers, would do
well to avoid most of the ornaments of oratory, more
especially those which consist in appeals to the
passions, which they regard as moral blemishes. So,
too, the employment of rare words and of rhythmical
structure are incongruous with their profession.
[34]
For
[p. 175]
their beards and gloomy brows are ill-suited not
merely to luxuriance of style, such as we find in
Cicero's “Rocks and solitudes answer to the voice,”4
but even to full-blooded passages as, “For on you I
call, ye hills and groves of Alba; I call you to bear
me witness, and ye, too, fallen altars of the Albans,
that were once the peers and equals of the holy
places of Rome.”5
[35]
But the public man, who is truly
wise and devotes himself not to idle disputations,
but to the administration of the state, from which
those who call themselves philosophers have withdrawn themselves afar, will gladly employ every
method that may contribute to the end which he
seeks to gain by his eloquence, although he will first
form a clear conception in his mind as to what aims
are honourable and what are not.
[36]
There is a form
of eloquence which is becoming in the greatest
men, but inadmissible in others. For example, the
methods of eloquence employed by commanders and
conquerors in their hour of triumph are to a great
extent to be regarded as in a class apart. The
comparison of the eloquence of Plompey and Cato
the younger, who slew himself in the civil war, will
illustrate my meaning. The former was extraordinarily eloquent in the description of his own
exploits, while the latter's powers were displayed
in debates in the senate.
[37]
Again, the same remark
will seem freedom of speech in one's mouth, madness
in another's, and arrogance in a third. We laugh at
the words used by Thersites6 to Agamemnon; but
put them in the mouth of Diomede or some other
of his peers, and they will seem the expression of a
great spirit. “Shall I regard you as consul,” said
Lucius Crassus7 to Phililppus, “when you refuse to
[p. 177]
regard me as a senator?” That was honourable
freedom of speech, and yet we should not tolerate
such words from everybody's lips.
[38]
One of the poets8
says that he does not care whether Caesar be white
or black. That is madness. But reverse the case.
Suppose that Caesar said it of the poet? That
would be arrogance. The tragic and comic poets
pay special attention to character, since they introduce a great number and variety of persons. Those
who wrote speeches9
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